![]() For example, figures were imagined moving from a walk to a run as the loudness increased. In an experiment in which participants were asked to imagine a figure moving to musical stimuli, an association was found between crescendi (increase in sound intensity) and the energy of the movements of the imagined figure. Some empirical evidence to corroborate this theory is provided by Eitan and Granot ( 2006). This proposal (FEELA) was based on computational analyses of patterns of acoustic intensity, and it closely relates to ideas of Todd ( 1992). For both player and listener, an appreciation of the Effort (E) involved in this contributes to the perception of Loudness (L) and Arousal (A Dean and Bailes, 2008, 2010). For example, we have proposed a causal chain whereby the literal Force (F) with which a player activates an instrument is transmitted as the physical Energy (E) of the sound. Theories suggest that our perceptions of loudness change relate to our perceptions of force or effort, implying that a motor representation is involved. In the current study, the modalities that contribute to imagery for loudness change were investigated. Yet, how we represent musical changes in loudness is unclear. ![]() Mental representations of pitch and melody have been shown to involve auditory (Deutsch, 1970 Keller et al., 1995), verbal (Keller et al., 1995), and motor processing (Mikumo, 1994 Finney and Palmer, 2003). Moreover, imagery for changes in loudness remains a relatively neglected topic. Desired increases in loudness can be notated in a score as “crescendi,” while decreases can be notated as “decrescendi.” There is anecdotal evidence that imagined music can vary in its overall “loudness” level (Trusheim, 1991 Sacks, 2007), but empirical evidence of imagery for loudness is inconclusive (Intons-Peterson, 1992 Pitt and Crowder, 1992 Wu et al., 2010). An important characteristic of music is its temporality, and among the parameters that vary through time is sound intensity, perceived as patterns of loudness. Musicians imagine music during mental rehearsal (Holmes, 2005), when reading from a score (Brodsky et al., 2003), and while composing (Covington, 2005 Bailes, 2009 Bailes and Bishop, 2012). An effect of musical training suggests that auditory and motor imagery ability may be closely related to domain expertise. Results support this prediction, with loudness change recalled less accurately in the gestures condition than in the control condition. Based on the motor hypothesis, we predicted that observing and remembering conductor gestures would impair loudness change scale recall, while observing and remembering tone or letter string stimuli would not. Finally, participants performed a recognition task of the tone, letter, or gesture sequence. Participants then saw an unfolding score of the notes of the scale, during which they were to imagine the corresponding scale in their mind while adjusting a slider to indicate the imagined changes in loudness. There followed an empty interval of 8 s (nil distractor control), or the presentation of a series of four sine tones, or four visual letters or three conductor gestures, also to be remembered. First, participants heard a musical scale played with varying patterns of loudness, which they were asked to remember. Musicians performed a within-subjects loudness change recall task, comprising 48 trials. An experiment was conducted to investigate the modalities that contribute to imagery for loudness change. ![]() Theories suggest that our perceptions of loudness change relate to our perceptions of force or effort, implying a motor representation. Studies of mental imagery for melodies (i.e., pitch and rhythm) show interference from concurrent musical pitch and verbal tasks, but how we represent musical changes in loudness is unclear. Among the parameters that vary through time is sound intensity, perceived as patterns of loudness. An important characteristic of music is its temporality. Musicians imagine music during mental rehearsal, when reading from a score, and while composing.
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